Automated histopathological analyses at scale

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 68-73).Histopathology is the microscopic examination of processed human tissues to diagnose conditions like cancer, tuberculosis, anemia and myocardial infractions. The diagnostic procedure is, however, very tedious, time-consuming and prone to misinterpretation. It also requires highly trained pathologists to operate, making it unsuitable for large-scale screening in resource-constrained settings, where experts are scarce and expensive. In this thesis, we present a software system for automated screening, backed by deep learning algorithms. This cost-effective, easily-scalable solution can be operated by minimally trained health workers and would extend the reach of histopathological analyses to settings such as rural villages, mass-screening camps and mobile health clinics. With metastatic breast cancer as our primary case study, we describe how the system could be used to test for the presence of a tumor, determine the precise location of a lesion, as well as the severity stage of a patient. We examine how the algorithms are combined into an end-to-end pipeline for utilization by hospitals, doctors and clinicians on a Software as a Service (SaaS) model. Finally, we discuss potential deployment strategies for the technology, as well an analysis of the market and distribution chain in the specific case of the current Indian healthcare ecosystem.by Mrinal Mohit.S.M

Atypical presentation of primary renal squamous cell cancer: a case report

Renal squamous cell cancer is one of the rare primary urothelial tumors with only a handful of cases reported in literature. Because of high grade, advanced and late presentation, they herald a grave prognosis. They are frequently associated with calculus disease, smoking, phenacetin consumption and foci of squamous metaplasia due to chronic irritation. Nephroureterectomy is the treatment of choice for such tumors. We hereby present a case of 59 year old female who presented with squamous cell cancer of renal pelvis. The case presented here is different from what has already been reported in literature, as the patient had no antecedent risk factors for renal squamous cell carcinoma.-------------------------------------------------Cite this article as: Pahwa M, Pahwa AR, Girotra M, Chawla A. Atypical presentation of primary renal squamous cell cancer: a case report. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2(1):02015.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14319/ijcto.0201.

Scene context is more than a Bayesian prior: Competitive vehicle detection with restricted detectors

International audienceWe present a new approach for making use of scene or situation context in object detection, aiming for state-of-the-art performance while dramatically reducing computa-tional cost. While existing approaches are inspired by Bayes' rule, training context-independent detectors and combining them with context priors in hindsight, we propose to integrate these context priors already into detector design, through algorithmic choices and/or pre-selection of training examples. Although such restricted detectors will, as a consequence, be valid only in regions compatible with context priors, the corresponding simplification of the object-vs-background de-cision problem will lead to reduced computation time and/or increased detection performance. We verify this experimentally by analyzing vehicle detection performance in a realistically simulated inner-city environment where context priors are defined by a road surface mask obtained from the simulation tool. Comparing a restricted detector, based on horizontal gradient detection refined by neural network confirmation, to a generic HOG+SVM-based approach taking into account the road context prior, we show that the restricted detector shows superior vehicle detection performance at a vastly reduced computational cost. We show qualitative results that permit the conclusion that the restricted detector will perform well on real-world scenes if appropriate road context priors are available

Implementation of polytropic method to study initial structures of gas giant protoplanets

In this paper we have determined the initial structures of gas giant protoplanets, formed via disk instability, having a mass range of 0.3–10 Jupiter masses by the simple polytropic method. The polytropic protoplanets or polytropes have been assumed to be spheres of solar composition, each of which is in a steady state of quasi-static equilibrium, where the only source of energy is the gravitational contraction of the gas. The results of our calculations for the polytropes with polytropic indices n = 1 and n = 1.5 are found to be closer to reality and are in good agreement with the findings obtained by other investigations with more rigorous treatment of the problem

Atypical presentation of primary renal squamous cell cancer: a case report

Renal squamous cell cancer is one of the rare primary urothelial tumors with only a handful of cases reported in literature. Because of high grade, advanced and late presentation, they herald a grave prognosis. They are frequently associated with calculus disease, smoking, phenacetin consumption and foci of squamous metaplasia due to chronic irritation. Nephroureterectomy is the treatment of choice for such tumors. We hereby present a case of 59 year old female who presented with squamous cell cancer of renal pelvis. The case presented here is different from what has already been reported in literature, as the patient had no antecedent risk factors for renal squamous cell carcinoma.-------------------------------------------------Cite this article as: Pahwa M, Pahwa AR, Girotra M, Chawla A. Atypical presentation of primary renal squamous cell cancer: a case report. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2(1):02015.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14319/ijcto.0201.5</p

Defining the Pros and Cons of Open, Conventional Laparoscopy, and Robot-Assisted Pyeloplasty in a Developing Nation

Introduction. Congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) is one of the most common causes of hydronephrosis. Historically, open dismembered pyeloplasty has been considered the gold standard intervention for correcting PUJO. The aim of this study was to compare the surgical and functional outcomes of three different approaches, namely, open, conventional laparoscopy, and robotic pyeloplasty. Material and Methods. 60 patients underwent minimally invasive pyeloplasty (30 conventional laparoscopies and 30 robotics) for congenital PUJO at a tertiary health center in India. Demographic, perioperative, and postoperative data were prospectively collected and analyzed. The data of these patients were retrospectively compared with another cohort of 30 patients who had undergone open pyeloplasty. Results. There was significant difference in operative time, time to drain removal, hospital stay, pain score, and complications rate between open and minimally invasive pyeloplasty (P<0.05). SFI was considerably lesser in robotic as compared to conventional laparoscopy. The success rate in OP, CLP, and RP was 93.33, 96.67, and 96.67%. Conclusion. Robotic pyeloplasty is safe, effective, and feasible. It is associated with significantly lesser operative time, lesser blood loss, less pain, shorter hospital stay, and fewer complications. It is also associated with considerably lesser surgeon fatigue as compared to conventional laparoscopy pyeloplasty